I would say no, there is no way you could check if a part was originally from a certain car (if that is what you mean).With the obvious exception of engines etc which have a serial number.
This doesn't mean parts are not identifiable by others. Cars these days are full of bar codes,casting numbers, stamped numbers on panels,glass,lights, wiring looms,wheels,tyres(and much more).
Someone, somewhere, will know what all these numbers mean.
This is how the police find out about stolen and rung cars etc, by the multitude of numbers.